The Islamic State (ISIS) has claimed responsibility for the attacks, claiming retribution for French military aircraft “striking Muslims in the lands of the caliphate.”

French officials believe that Salim Benghalem, a French national who joined ISIS several years ago, directed Abdelhamid Abaaoud, an ISIS deputy and a Belgian national, to orchestrate Friday’s bloody rampage. The two men are believed to be in Syria.

There is no justification for this massacre or the Charlie Hebdo killings but placing these horrors in context makes them more understandable.

A poll conducted before the Paris attack showed that 1 in 6 French citizens have a positive attitude toward ISIS. This percentage increases to 27 percent among respondents aged 18-24.

The French government believes that more than 900 French citizens have joined ISIS in Syria and Irag. ISIS seems to be winning the hearts and minds of some disaffected French citizenry.

France has the largest Muslim population in Europe, estimated at about 5 million.  Due to growing Islamaphobia, French Muslims are often marginalized. The January 7 massacre in Paris prompted by cartoons published in the weekly satirical publication Charlie Hebdo, reflect some of the longstanding tensions concerning immigrants from former French colonies in North and sub-Saharan Africa.  Two radicalized brothers killed twelve at the Charlie Hebdo offices and days later killed four at a Jewish market. Certainly, the magazine’s history of xenophobia, racism, sexism and homophobia, made the magazine a likely target for incensed Muslims.

Also, France’s policy towards the war in Syria has been more forward than any other western country.  France was early in calling for President Bashar al-Assad to step down and recently joined airstrikes inside Syria against ISIS.  In the war against ISIS and al-Qaeda, collateral damage – the inadvertent killing of innocent civilians – has become so common as to pass with little or no media comment.  Civilian deaths by coalition bombings and drone attacks have become an effective recruiting tool for ISIS.  Are Western deaths more important, more newsworthy?

Sudden shocks such as the Charlie Hebdo and Paris massacres have been used to justify the French to bolster its security and intelligence forces and introduce new surveillance laws.  In ordinary times, such laws might have been vigorously opposed by the populace.  When security trumps privacy, the terrorists win.

The killings in France are only two of many attacks attributed to ISIS.  In 2015 alone, at least 88 attacks have been attributed to ISIS, including the November 12 bombing in Lebanon, killing 43; an ISIS affiliate claimed responsibility for downing a Russian plane in Egypt on October 31, killing all 224 aboard; and it is believed ISIS was responsible for two explosions on October 10, killing 100 people in Turkey.

The United Nations estimates 800,000 refugees have journeyed to Europe, arriving mainly from Syria, Afghanistan and Iraq.  The European Union estimates another 3 million more refugees will arrive by 2017.  Citing security and economic concerns, countries seem unwilling or unable to absorb these refugees fast enough.

Bottom line, we are not winning the war against terrorism. Bombings are not doing the job.  Boots on the ground may be required to defeat ISIS. In the meantime, we can expect the enactment of tougher security laws and more refugees fleeing conflicts around the world.  We can also expect the war against terrorism to continue for years with the assurance of more bloodshed to come.